Data Facts History of West Papua
Relationship
History of Indonesia and West Papua
It can not be denied that the annexation of West
Papua by Indonesia as part of its territory is based on historical reasons.
While the act of annexation itself has now become a history to be learned and
understood to be able to map the problem objectively, which is then continued
by the search for the best solution for the settlement of the political status
of the West Papua region in the power of Indonesia. In order to explore
historical relations between Indonesia and West Papua, several points need to
be put forward. First, the history of Indonesia and West Papua. Second, the
history of the struggle between Indonesia and West Papua in expelling the
invaders. Third, the reason for the annexation of West Papua by Indonesia.
Fourth, the history of West Papuan independence. Fifth, People's Determination (PEPERA)
1969. Sixth, history in the New Order regime and the last time of the rise of
the Second West Papua (Indonesian Reform Era).
1.
History
of Life Indonesia and West Papua
In the history of life, the people of West Papua
have shown that they are able to manage their own lives. This is evident from
the leadership of each tribe, which has inhabited West Papua since more than
50,000 years ago, led by tribal leaders. For some regions, each tribal chief is
elected democratically while in some other areas the tribe is adopted for
generations. Until now there is still a traditional governance order in some
areas, for example: a Ondofolo still have certain powers in the area of
Sentani and Ondoafi still respected by the community around Yotefa in Numbay.
In addition to the ability to regulate itself (not influenced by foreign
parties), it is also very real in the eyes that between West Papua and
Indonesia have a very far difference. The Papuan nation is a Negroid race
whereas the Indonesian people in general are Mongoloid race.
With this racial distinction raises other
differences, whether physical or mental differences, and these two nations have
never had any connection in the history of life in the past. Each lives as its
own nation with its different characteristics. So that the act of annexation of
West Papua by Indonesia is considered colonial action. This was once expressed
by Vice Chairman of the Papuan Presidium Council, Tom Beanal, that:
First,
in our day-to-day life, our ancestors never saw the smoke of Indonesian garden
fire when they were gardening. Our ancestors never told us that we had a grudge
against war with the descendants of Sukarno and Soeharto and the ancestors of
the Indonesian nation. We Papuans know and are aware of ourselves that we are
different from the Indonesian nation.
Secondly,
the Papuans belong to the Negroid race inhabiting the Melanesian archipelago in
the southern Pacific, because the Papuans are different from other Indonesians
generally entering the Mongoloid and Austronosoid races that inhabit the Malay
archipelago and the Austronesian archipelago. " From the description
above, it is clear that between Indonesia and West Papua has absolutely no
relationship of the same history of life that can unite the two nations in a
country called Indonesia. The reason that Indonesia and West Papua have the
same history of life as a nation at a time of history is not at all objective,
instead it is a political reason to claim West Papua as part of Indonesian
territory. This kind of thing is often built in Indonesia to build Indonesian
nationalism for Papuans (Indonesians of Papuans).
2.
The History of the Struggle of Indonesia and West Papua
Indonesia (Sabang to Amboina) was colonized by the
Dutch for 350 years, while West Papua (Nederland Nieuw-Guinea) was occupied by
the Dutch for 64 years. Although West Papua and Indonesia are both Dutch
colonies, the West Papuan administration is administered separately. Indonesia
was colonized by the Dutch whose colonial power was controlled from Batavia
(now Jakarta), it was this Batavian power that had run Dutch colonialism over
Indonesia, from Sabang to Amboina. The Dutch power in West Papua was controlled
from Hollandia (now Port Numbay), with borders ranging from the Raja Ampat
Islands to Merauke.
In
1908 Indonesia entered the stage of National Awakening (brain struggle) which
is characterized by the establishment of various organizations of struggle. In
this new round of struggle, many political-economic organizations exist in
Indonesia, such as Boedi Utomo (May 20, 1908), Islamic Union (1911), Indische
Partij (1912), Indonesian Communist Party (1913), Indonesian Association
(1908), Studie Club (1924) and others. In this struggle, especially in the
founding of these struggle organizations, the people of West Papua are not
involved or involved at all. This is because the enemy faced at that time,
namely the Netherlands is the enemy of Indonesia itself, not the enemy with the
West Papuan nation. The people of West Papua assume that they have absolutely
no enemies with the people of Indonesia, because the Dutch are their enemies.
The people of West Papua also did not take part in the Indonesian Youth Oath on
October 28, 1928. In this Youth Pledge many young people throughout Indonesia
such as Jong Sumatra Bond, Jong Java, Jong Celebes, Jong Amboina, and others
present to declare determination as a nation, one language, and one country.
But there was never one pub youth from West Papua who attended the Youth
Pledge. Therefore, the people of West Papua never recognize one nation, one
language, and one homeland whose name is "Indonesia". In the near
struggle of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, no West Papuans were
involved or expressed an attitude to prepare for the independence of Indonesia
proclaimed August 17, 1945. On the non-relevance of West Papua in Indonesia's
independence declared by Mohammad Hatta in a meeting between the
representatives of the Indonesian independence, representatives of Indonesia and
the Japanese warlords in Saigon Vietnam, on 12 August 1945.
At
that time Mohammad Hatta asserted that "... the Papuan nation is the
Negroid race, the Melanesian nation, then let the Papuans decide their own fate
...". While Sukarno argued that the Papuan people are still primitive so
it does not need to be associated with the independence of the Indonesian
nation. The same thing Hatta once stated in one of BPUPKI's trials in July
1945. When Indonesia was proclaimed, the Indonesian territory which included in
the proclamation was Indonesia which entered into Dutch East Indies power,
"From Sabang to Amboina", excluding the power of Nederland
Nieuw-Guinea (West Papua). Therefore the declaration of the State of Indonesia
is the State of Indonesia which limits the territorial power from Sabang to
Amboina without West Papua.
On 19 August 1945 (two days after Indonesian
independence) Indonesia was divided into eight Provinces. One of the provinces
is Maluku. Many people assume that the area of West Papua is included in the
territory of Maluku Province. Whereas in fact the control of West Papua
territory in the power of Maluku Province was thought and realized since the
establishment of an Irian Bureau on December 14, 1953 which was tasked to
conduct research on the Indonesian territory that could be used as a bridge to seize
West Irian from the hands of the Dutch.
From the results of that study, it turns out the
choice fell on the North Moluccas. So with the birth of Law no. 15 of 1956 on
the establishment of West Irian Province, Soasiu was designated as the capital
of West Irian Province with the Governor of Zainal Abidin Syah (Sultan Tidore)
confirmed on 17 August 1956 along with the inauguration of the West Irian
province of Struggle. After the inauguration of West Irian Province the
struggle, West Papua remains a disputed area between Indonesia and the
Netherlands. Some political perspectives in fighting over West Papua by both
parties are:
a). Prior to
the signing of the Lingggarjati Agreement the Dutch government once declared
that West Papua can accept its own status against the Kingdom of the
Netherlands and the United States of Indonesia according to the souls of
articles 3 and 4 of the Treaty. So here the Netherlands makes an exception for
West Papua so that the territorial law's position is not determined by the
Linggarjati Agreement.
b). In the
Round Table Conference held in The Hague on August 23-November 2, 1945 it was
agreed that the status quo of the territory of Nieuw Guinea remained in force
as determined that within a year after the date of the transfer of sovereignty
to the United States of Indonesia, the problems of West Papua's statehood would
be resolved by way of negotiations between the Republic of the United States of
Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. But on the same occasion the
status of West Papua (Nederland Niew Guinea) was expressed by Mohammad Hatta,
Chairman of the Indonesian Delegation, that "... the problem of West Irian
does not need to be questioned because the Papuan people have the right to
become an independent nation."
c). In a conference of ministers between the
Netherlands and Indonesia held in Jakarta on March 25-April 1, a joint
committee was established with the Decree of Ministers of the Union of
Indonesia-Nederland no. MCI / C II / 1 / G.T. Based on the decision, each party
appointed three members prior to 15 April 1950 with the task of investigating
the status of West Papua scientifically to determine whether it is worth
entering into the power of Indonesia or the Netherlands. Finally, based on the
results of each party's provisions no party succumbed, so that the West Papua
region is still maintained by the Dutch. It was further agreed that the
settlement of the West Papua problem would be resolved by the United Nations
Commission for Indonesia (UNTEA) indefinitely.
d). Because
of the perceived area of West Papua controlled by the Dutch, then since 1953
the Indonesian side brought West Papua problems to international forums such as
the United Nations and Asian-African Conference. After all the struggles of
each party experiencing a dead end, then the next area of West Papua into a
dispute area contested by the Netherlands and Indonesia. Indonesia and the
Netherlands share the same great political ambitions to win West Papua.
3.
History of Manivesto Politics of West Papua
When West Papua was still a dispute area due to the
seizure of its territory between Indonesia and the Netherlands, the Papuan
people of Papua for independence as an independent state existed long before
the independence of Indonesia August 17, 1945. Entering the 1960s politicians
and West Papuan statesmen educated through Police schools and a Bestuurschool
school in Jayapura (Hollandia), educating 400 people between 1944-1949
preparing for West Papuan independence. Furthermore, at the urging of
politicians and educated West Papuan statesmen, the Dutch government formed
Nieuw Guinea Raad (Dewan Nieuw Guinea). Some of the educated figures included
in this Council are M.W. Kaisiepo and Mofu (Chouten Islands / Cenderawasih
Bay), Nicolaus Youwe (Hollandia), P. Torey (Ransiki / Manokwari), A.K. Gebze
(Merauke), M.B. Ramandey (Waropen), U.S. Onim (Teminabuan), N. Tanggahma (Fakfak),
F. Poana (Mimika), Abdullah Arfan (Raja Ampat). Then representatives of
Indo-Dutch descent were O de Rijke (representing Hollandia) and H.F.W.
Gosewisch (verse Manokwari). After making various preparations with the rapid
political changes caused by the disasters of Indonesia and the Netherlands, a
21-member National Committee was formed to assist the Nieuw Guinea Council in
improving the independence of West Papua. The committee was eventually equipped
with 70 educated Papuans and successfully produced the important Political
Manifesto:
MANIFESTO
POLITICS WEST PAPUA:
1 1. Specify
the name of the State: West Papua
2 2. Determine
the anthem: Hai Tanahku Papua.
3 3. Define
Country flag: Morning Star.
4 4. The
symbol of the State of West Papua is the Mambruk Bird with the motto "One
People One Soul".
The
plan to raise the Morning Star flag on November 1, 1961 did not take place because
it had not been approved by the Dutch Government. But after the approval of the
National Committee, the Morning Star flag was raised on 1 December 1961 in
Hollandia, as well as the "Declaration of Independence of West
Papua". The Morning Star flag was raised beside the Dutch flag, and the
national anthem "Hai Tanahku Papua" was sung after the Dutch national
anthem "Wilhelmus". The declaration of independence of West Papua is
broadcast by Radio Netherlands and Australia. This moment became the de facto
and de jure Declaration of West Papua Independence as an independent and
sovereign state.
4.
The Reason for the Abduction of West Papua by Indonesia
Although West Papua has declared itself an
independent and sovereign state, it is only 19 days old, because on December
19, 1961 President Soekarno issued a Tri Komando Rakyat (People's Command) in
the North Square of Yogyakarta that:
1. Foiled
the Formation of a Dutch Doll State of Papua Colonial.
2. Raise
the Red and White in West Irian Tanah Air Indonesia.
3. Prepare
for general mobilization in order to maintain the independence and unity of the
country and the nation.
The realization of this Trikora content, then
President Soekarno as Commander of the Supreme Command for the Liberation of
West Irian issued Presidential Decree no. 1 of 1962 which ordered the Commander
of Mandala Command, Major General Soeharto to conduct military operations into
the territory of West Irian to seize the territory from the hands of the Dutch.
Finally,
several waves of Military Operations in West Papua with military units were
deployed for air operations in the infiltration phase such as Operation Banten
Kedaton, Operation Garuda, Operation Wolves, Operation Kancil, Operation
Dragon, Operation Rajawali, Operation Lumbung, Operation Jatayu. Operation by
sea is Operation Show of Rorce, Operation Chakra, and Operation of Dolphins.
While in the phase of exploitation conducted Operation Jayawijaya and Special
Operations (Opsus). Through this operation the area of West Papua was
occupied, and suspected many Papuans had been massacred at that time. Why is
Sukarno so "stubborn" in seizing West Papua territory to include it
into the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia? Soekarno
has four main reasons for the annexation of West Papua to Indonesia. The fourth
reason is the claim held by Indonesia as an act of justification of power over
the territory of West Papua. The four claims are:
1. West
Papua is considered part of the Majapahit kingdom.
2. The
Raja Ampat Islands in the bird's head region, West Papua, by the sultan Tidore
and Soekarno are claimed to be part of the Tidore Sultanate. The Tidore
Sultanate was claimed by Sukarno as part of the "Eastern Indonesia"
area.
3. West
Papua is claimed to be part of the former Netherlands East Indies.
4. Sukarno's
anti-west wanted to dispel the influence of western imperialism in Southeast
Asia.
In addition, Soekarno has a hegemonic ambition to
restore the glory of the Majapahit kingdom (remember: "Ganyang Malaysia"),
including West Papua which was then colonized by the Dutch. It is also possible
that Soekarno had a suspicious feeling that the Nederlands Nieuw Guinea
government in West Papua would be a Dutch fortress to destroy the State of
Indonesia at any time. This was connected with the second Dutch military action
(tweede politionele aktie) on 19-12-1948 to destroy the state of Republik
Indonesia.
Indonesia
Claiming West Papua Region
1.
Claim
on Majapahit Power Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520) was born in East Java and
gained its glory under King Hayam Wuruk Rajasanagara (1350-1389)
Encyclopedias in the Netherlands contain a summary
of the history of Majapahit, that "the boundaries of the Majapahit kingdom
of the Gajah Mada period cover most of Indonesia". Indonesian historians
claim that the borders of Majapahit extend from Madagascar to the island of Pas
(Chile). Until now, there is no historical evidence of written or oral stories
or other historical objects that can be used as scientific materials to make an
analysis with the precise definition that West Papua was once part of the
Majapahit Empire.
Claiming
West Papua as part of the Majapahit kingdom is certainly very doubtful, because
Sukarno did not meet the principles of making proper historical analysis and
definitions, especially written history. With regard to the power of Majapahit
kingdom territory in Indonesia, clearly explained at length by prof. Dr. Slamet
Muljana, that the power of Majapahit kingdom, in Nagarakretagama pupuh 13 and
14 mentioned that the Majapahit kingdom has a vast territory, both in the
archipelago of Nusantara and in the Malay peninsula. The islands of the
farthest east of Java Island in Pupuk 14/15 are the islands of Ambon and
Maluku, Seram and Timor; semenajung Malay called Langkasuka names, Kelantan,
Tringgano, Paka, Muara Dingin, Tumasik, Klang, Kedah, Jerai. Thus, the
territory of the Majapahit kingdom during the time of Hayam Wuruk according to
Nagarakretagama is wider territory than the present state of the Republic of
Indonesia. Only Irian is not such a farthest boundary to the east. It may be
said that the eastern boundary of the Majapahit kingdom is the Maluku
archipelago. This means that West Papua is not included in the power of
Majapahit kingdom. Because it is clear that Soekarno has manipulated history.
2.
Claims
on Tidore Power In a statement carried out between the sultan of Tidore and the
VOC in 1660, Tidore sultan unilaterally claimed that the Papuan archipelago or
the islands belonging to it were the sultanate of Tidore
Soekarno
claimed that the Tidore sultanate was "Eastern Indonesia", then West
Papua was a part of it. In addition, Sukarno claimed that kings in the Raja
Ampat archipelago in the bird's head region, West Papua, had a relationship
with the sultan Tidore. Are the two claims of the sultans of Tidore and Sukarno
scientifically proven? Governor of the Banda Islands, Keyts reported in 1678 that
he found no evidence of Tidore's authority in West Papua. In 1679 Keyts wrote
again that the sultan of Tidore should not be ignored in the case of West
Papua. According to reports from captain Thomas Forrest (1775) and from the
Governor of Ternate (1778) it is evident that the power of the Tidore sultan in
West Papua is completely invisible. On October 27, 1814, a contract was made
between the sultan of Ternate and Tidore, witnessed by the British resident,
that all of the islands of West Papua and the districts of Mansary, Karandefur,
Ambarpura and Umbarpon on the coast of West Papua (the area around the Bird's
Head) would be considered later as property the sultan of Tidore. This contract
is made outside the caught and desires of the people of West Papua. Various
authors reported that what Tidore sultan claimed by the name of Papua was the
island of Misol. Not the whole of Papua. When the Tidore sultan traveled to
West Papua in March 1949, the people of West Papua showed no desire to be part
of the Tidore sultanate. The existence of kings in western part of West Papua
can not be proven by correct theory. The birth of the title 'Raja Ampat' comes
from myth. Raja Ampat comes from the egg of Maleo bird (the chicken of the
forest). From the eggs were born the children of men who later became king.
This myth gives evidence that there were never kings in the Raja Ampat
archipelago in actual fact. The people of West Papua once knew a leader of the
Biak fleet: Kurabesi, which according to F.C. Kamma, once held an exploration
to the western end of West Papua. Kurabesi later married the daughter of Tidore
sultan. The existence of the Kurabesi fleet can give doubt to the presence of
foreign power in West Papua. In 1848 a secret contract was established between
the Dutch East Indies government and Sultan Tidore where the northwestern and
southwestern coast of West Papua was the territorial territory of the Tidore
sultanate. This was done in the hope of preventing the use of West Papua as a
springboard for British penetration into the Moluccan islands. In this case
Tidore is in fact merely a vassal proportion (the relationship between a person
who occupies the land with the promise of providing military service to the
landlord) to Dutch sovereignty, wrote C.S.I.J. Lagerberg. Sultan Tidore was
granted a mandate by the Government of the Dutch East Indies in 1861 to deal
with the hongi journey (hongi-tochten, in Dutch). At that time many sailors
from Biak who berongi (sail) to Tidore. According to C.S.I.J. Lagerberg hongi
origin Biak is a sea piracy, but according to Biak sailors' traces, hongi when
it is an attempt to dispel foreign explorers. The pursuit of foreign explorers
was made to Tidore. To confront the penghalau of Biak, the sultan of Tidore was
mandated by the Dutch East Indies Government. So, precisely what happened when
it was not a power of government over the territory of West Papua. After 1880s
Germany and Britain were in fact colonized by Papua New Guinea, the Dutch also
began their colonization in West Papua in 1898 by forming two distinct parts of
the Tidore autonomous (zelfbestuursgebied) government, the northern part with
the capital of Manokwari and the southern part with the capital Fakfak.
So, when that area of Manokwari and Fakfak
government was under Tidore residency. Regarding the historical manipulation
based on Tidore's authority over this region of West Papua, George Junus
Aditjondro stated that: We defend West Papua because West Papua is part of the
Dutch East Indies. On what basis? Just because the Tidore sultanate claimed
that he colonized West Papua until Yotefa bay was possible? So then, when
Tidore was conquered by the Dutch, the Dutch did not feel automatically getting
the right to the occupation of Tidore? The Netherlands withdrew, Indonesia has
the right to all Tidore ex-colonies? That's a myth. Since when are the various
regions in West Papua subdued to Tidore? ... I do not think so. There is a
vertical relationship between Tidore and West Papua, no Tidore power to conquer
West Papua. On that basis, the claim that Indonesia is entitled to all of the
former Netherlands Indies is an imagination. "From the above description
it can be concluded that Sukarno has been proven to manipulate history to annex
West Papua. Because the area of West Papua is not included in the power of
Tidore.
3.
Claims
on Dutch East Indies Historically colonialism, West Papua was not really part
of the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia, because West Papua was not part
of the Dutch East Indies
On August 24, 1828 in Lobo, Triton Bay Kaimana
(south coast of West Papua) was proclaimed West Papua's domination by King King
King Nederland. While in Bogor, February 19, 1936 in the Gazette of the
Netherlands East Indies agreed on the division of the territory of the Dutch
East Indies, namely Sabang until Amboina not including West Papua (Nederland
Neiw Guinea). Also keep in mind that although West Papua and Indonesia are both
Dutch colonies, the West Papuan administration is administered separately.
Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch whose colonial power was controlled from
Batavia (now Jakarta), this Batavian power that had run Dutch colonialism over
Indonesia, from Sabang to Amboina (Dutch East Indies). The Dutch power in West
Papua was controlled from Hollandia (now Port Numbay), with borders ranging
from the Raja Ampat Islands to Merauke (Nederland Nieuw Guinea). In addition,
when embedded and the lifting of Dutch colonial foot in West Papua did not
coincide with the time in Indonesia. The time is different, where Indonesia was
colonized for three and a half centuries while West Papua was only 64 years
(1898-1962). On August 24, 1828, the queen of the Netherlands issued a
unilateral statement that West Papua was a Dutch domain. Practically
politically, the Dutch began their colonization in 1898 by planting the first
administrative post in Manokwari (for western West Papua) and in Fakfak (for
the south of West Papua.) In 1902 another government post was opened in Merauke
where the area was detached from the neighborhood Territorial Fakfak October 1,
1962 The Dutch surrendered West Papua to the UN From the above description it
can be concluded that Sukarno has been proven to manipulate history to annex
West Papua, since the area of West Papua is not within the power of the Dutch
East Indies.
4.
Blocking
the Influence of Western Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Sukarno
threatened to appeal for support from the former Soviet government to annex
West Papua if the Dutch government was unwilling to surrender West Papua into
the hands of the Republic of Indonesia. The United States government (US) at
that time was very afraid of the fall of the Indonesian state into the
communist bloc. Soekarno was known by the western world as a highly
anti-Western imperialist and pro-Eastern President. The United States
government wants to prevent the possibility of a physical war between the
Netherlands and Indonesia. So the United States forced the Dutch government to
surrender West Papua into the hands of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition
to pressing the Dutch government, the US government tried to approach President
Sukarno. Soekarno was invited to visit Washington (United States) in 1961. The
New York Agreement. In 1962, President John Kennedy's personal envoy, Attorney
General Robert Kennedy, paid a counter visit to Indonesia to prove the United
States' desire for support to Soekarno in an effort to annex West Papua. In
order to trick the world's eye, the process of taking over power in West Papua
was conducted through a legitimate international legal process with the
inclusion of West Papua issues on the agenda of the UN General Assembly in
1962. From within the UN General Assembly a New York Agreement was made August
15, 1962 containing "Act of Free Choice". Act of Free Choice was
later translated by the government of the Republic of Indonesia as PEPERA
(Statement of Popular Opinions) held in 1969. 5. Illegal Process of the
People's Piscatory (PEPERA) 1969 The signing of the New York Agreement between
Indonesia and the Netherlands witnessed by United Nations Secretary-General U
Thant and United States ambassador to the United Nations Ellsworht Bunker on 15
August 1962.
Some
of the key points of the agreement and their irregularities are as follows:
1. The
New York Agreement is an illegitimate, juridical and moral agreement. The New
York Agreement discusses the status of the land and the fate of the West Papuan
people, but in its process never involves the official representatives of the
West Papuan people.
2. Since
May 1, 1963, coinciding with the Unites Nations Temporrary Executive
Administratins (UNTEA) in Indonesia, the Indonesian government began to place
its military forces in large numbers throughout Papua, as a result of political
and human rights rights human beings are violated brutally outside the
boundaries of humanity.
3. Article
XVIII paragraph (d) The New York Agreement provides that "The eligibility
of all adults, male and female, not foreign nationals to participate in the act
of self determination to be carried out in international whit international
practice ...". This rule means self-determination should be made by every
Papuan adult male and female who is a Papuan resident at the signing of the New
York Agreement. But this is not done. The People's Determination (PEPERA) 1969
was implemented in the local Indonesian way, ie deliberation by 1025 people out
of a total of 600,000 male and female adults. Of the 1025 chosen to vote, only
175 people delivered or read texts prepared by the Indonesian government. In
addition, the existing West Papuan people, who at the time of the signing of
the New York Agreement were not given the opportunity to engage in that
self-determination.
4. Terror,
intimidation and murder were perpetrated by the military before and briefly
PEPERA 1969 to win unilaterally 1969 by the government and the Indonesian
military. The proof is the Secret Letter of the Commander of Korem 172, Colonel
Blego Soemarto, No .: r-24/1969, addressed to the Merauke Regent as a member of
the Muspida of Merauke Regency, the contents of the letter: "If in the
period of polling it is necessary to replace the members Demus (council of
deliberations ), the replacement is done long before the PEPERA MUSAYAWARAH. If
reasonable reasons for the reimbursement are not obtained, while on the other
hand it is considered absolute that the member needs to be replaced as it would
jeopardize the victory of PEPERA, should dare to take the 'unnatural' way to
remove the member from the PEPERA trial before the start of the DEMUS PEPERA
trial . ... In conclusion of my letter this is that PEPERA absolutely must we win,
either naturally or unfairly. "Given that the working area of Korem
commander 172 includes other districts outside Merauke district, it is suspect
that the letter secrets whose contents are more or less the same are also sent
to other bupatis.
1967 Freeport-McMoRan (a US company) signed a
Contract of Work with the Indonesian government to open copper and gold mines
in Pegunungan Bintang, West Papua. Freeport commenced operations in 1971. The
second Employment Contract was signed on 30 December 1991. The interests of the
United States in West Papua, marked by the signing of the Contract of Work
between Freeport and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, became a
reality. This happened two years before PEPERA 1969 was implemented in West
Papua. Here there is a juridical oddity, because West Papua from 1962 to 1969
can be categorized as a dispute area. The determination of the People's Opinion
in 1969 was invalid because it was carried out under a system of
"musyawarah" (Indonesian local system) that contradicted the content
and soul of the New York Agreement, in addition PEPERA 1969 was won by
Indonesia through terror, intimidation, arrest and murder (violation of law,
Human rights and democratic essence). PEPERA's victory by law and moral flaw
was eventually endorsed by the United Nations through Resolution No. 2509 and
ratified by the Government of Indonesia through Presidential Decree No. 7 of
1971.
Data Facts History of West Papua
Reviewed by Admin
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February 27, 2018
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